IGNOU PGJMC Handwritten Assignment: All Six MJM Theory Papers, Old and New Code Sets

What Comes Out of the Envelope on a PGJMC Order

A PGJMC order is counted in MJM codes. Each code you name becomes its own bundle, so a learner who orders the full first-year load receives six separately assembled papers in one courier, and a learner clearing a single backlog code receives one. The diploma has no semesters, which is why nothing here is sold as a semester pack: the prospectus runs PGJMC as a one-year, 40-credit programme, and the assignment booklet treats every theory paper as an independent submission with its own number from Assignment 01 to Assignment 06.

Inside each bundle are the answers written by hand on A4 sheets, an IGNOU-format front page filled in with the details the SOJNMS booklet asks for, and a copy of the official question paper for the cycle you named. The front page is free. The 2026 learner letter lists the fields it expects on the first page: enrolment number, name, address, assignment code and study centre code. Shri Chakradhar Publication fills those from the details you send, and leaves the signature and date for you, because the declaration is yours to make.

The question paper copy matters more on PGJMC than on most diplomas. SOJNMS has changed the code line on its first-year paper in almost every cycle since 2021, and two learners from different admission years can be holding papers whose questions differ even though the course title is identical. Keeping the question sheet with the answers is the simplest way for your study centre, and for you, to see which cycle the set was written against.

Length follows the paper rather than a house template. The 2026 MJM-021 Reporting Techniques paper asks for five questions of 20 marks each, around 500 words per answer. Older papers in the same series set different limits per question; the January and July 2023 MJM-020 paper, for example, ran from 350 to 500 words depending on the question, and the matching MJM-023 paper included a 90-second television script with no word count. A set written for an older cycle follows that cycle’s limits, not the 2026 ones.

No soft copy or PDF is sold.

₹320 Per MJM Paper: Inside the Rate and Outside It

The rate is ₹320 per subject, hard copy only, with courier included in that price and no separate shipping charge. On PGJMC, one subject means one MJM theory code, so the arithmetic for a complete year is short: six papers at ₹320 come to ₹1,920, courier inside that figure. There is no minimum order: one subject or fourteen, same rate.

The rate covers the writing itself, the free front page, the copy of the question paper, matching the hand to your sample, and dispatch to the address you give. It does not change with the medium, with the age of the cycle, or with whether a paper is a six-credit course such as MJM-120 or a four-credit course such as MJM-021. A paper that asks for a television script or a news report in place of an essay answer is still one subject.

What sits outside the rate is everything IGNOU charges or assesses directly. The programme fee printed in the prospectus is Rs 13,500, and term-end examination fees are separate again. The practical courses are outside this product entirely: MJML 220, MJML 221 and MJML 023 are evaluated on a production portfolio of activities you carry out yourself, with an examination fee receipt attached, and there is no question paper for them to answer by hand. Submitting the set at your study centre is also yours to do, and so is checking that the marks reach your grade card.

Delivery depends on your pin code and is confirmed for your order before you pay. No figure is promised on this page.

Downloaded PGJMC Answers Against a Set You Can Hand In

Two different things get searched for with nearly the same words, and on a journalism diploma the difference shows up at the counter. A solved assignment is a soft-copy reference file of model answers for one course code and one session, read on a screen or printed, and meant to be studied and written from. A handwritten assignment is the answers written out by hand on A4 sheets and handed in as hard copy at your study centre, with the front page and question paper attached.

Swipe sideways on a phone to see every column.

IGNOU’s own PGJMC paper settles how the set is meant to reach the university. The 2026 learner letter tells you to submit each assignment to the coordinator of your study centre, to get a receipt and keep a photocopy, and it closes its presentation note by telling you to write down the final version for submission, writing each answer neatly. That is a description of a written document handed over in person, not of a file. Third-party study centre notices for the June 2026 term-end examination say the same in plainer words, that answers must be in your own handwriting and that typed or printed answers are not accepted. Those notices are not SOJNMS documents, and practice varies between centres, but no PGJMC booklet read for this page invites a printout.

There was one exception, and it is worth knowing because older forum answers still repeat it. The January 2021 MJM papers allowed reporting articles to be published in the school’s online lab journal, The Voices, as an alternative to handing them in on paper, with marks set the same either way. None of the 2023, 2025 or 2026 first-year papers carries that option.

The honest scope, then: a solved assignment is a reference to write from, and it is not a submission. A downloaded PGJMC PDF cannot simply be printed and handed in as your assignment. If a model-answer file is what you want, the PGJMC solved assignment shelf is where those are sold; note that it currently holds 2025-26 files and also carries MJM-026 to MJM-031, which are MAJMC second-year codes rather than PGJMC papers. If a set you can hand in is what you want, that is this page.

The Six MJM Theory Papers on the 40-Credit PGJMC

The IGNOU Common Prospectus July 2026 sets out PGJMC in section 8.25, under the School of Journalism and New Media Studies. It describes a 40-credit programme of eight courses: six theory papers, two of them at six credits and four at four credits, plus two practical courses of six credits each chosen from three. The six theory papers are the ones that carry a tutor-marked assignment, and they are the whole of what a handwritten PGJMC order can cover.

Scroll the table sideways on a narrow screen. Theory credits total 28.

The arithmetic checks against the stated total: 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 6 + 4 gives 28 theory credits, and two practical courses at 6 credits each add 12, which makes the 40 the prospectus prints. The same six theory codes form the first year of the MA in Journalism and Mass Communication, which is why the booklet is headed for both programmes and why the prospectus describes PGJMC as the exit award a MAJMC learner receives after one year.

Two of the six codes carry a slash. MJM-020/120 and MJM-024/124 are single papers that serve two generations of learners: those registered under the older four-credit numbers MJM-020 and MJM-024, and those registered from January 2025 under the six-credit numbers MJM-120 and MJM-124. The questions are the same for both. The other four codes kept their numbers through the revision, so MJM-021, MJM-022, MJM-023 and MJM-025 read the same on a 2023 registration slip as on a 2026 one.

The titles in the table are the prospectus spellings from the PGJMC table itself. One of them is printed differently elsewhere in the same prospectus, and IGNOU’s programme page lists one code at a credit value the prospectus does not use; both are set out in the conflicts section further down rather than silently corrected here.

Practical Choices and the Code Sets of the 32- and 36-Credit Years

The practical half of PGJMC is where learners most often over-order. The prospectus lists three practical courses and tells you to choose any two. None of them has a question paper on the SOJNMS assignment portal; each is assessed by a production portfolio of set activities submitted to your study centre, or through the learning management system on the online variant, against an examination fee receipt for that course.

On a phone, move the table left to read the last column.

The practical manuals also print their own two cut-offs, 30 June for the June term-end examination and 31 December for the December one, and they say a learner can sit the practical examination only after one year from registration. Those dates belong to the portfolios, not to the MJM theory papers, and they are not evidence of a theory deadline.

Older enrolments carry older code sets, and this is the single most PGJMC-specific thing on the page. The prospectus itself describes three generations of the diploma when it explains lateral entry into the MAJMC second year: holders with 32 credits from the January 2020 to July 2022 admission cycles, holders with 36 credits from January 2023 to July 2024, and holders with 40 credits from January 2025 onward. IGNOU’s other documents fill in what each generation studied.

The third table also scrolls sideways on small screens.

Before 2020 the diploma ran on a different family altogether. A file headed PGJMC OLD for the January and July 2021 cycle sets four papers, JMC-01 Introduction to Journalism and Mass Communication, JMC-02 Mass Media and Society, JMC-03 Reporting, Writing and Editing, and JMC-04 Public Relations, each with five questions of 20 marks. That is the most recent JMC paper found on IGNOU’s servers for this page. A learner still clearing a JMC code should confirm with the Regional Centre which paper to answer before ordering, because no 2026 JMC booklet surfaced.

The practical effect for a backlog order is simple. If your slip reads MJM-020 or MJM-024, the current paper you answer is the one headed MJM-020/120 or MJM-024/124. If your slip reads MJM 20 without the zero, it is the same course under the 32-credit numbering. The theory paper is written the same way for all three generations; what differs is the cycle you are submitting for, and that is what decides which question sheet the set is written from.

Seventeen Places IGNOU’s PGJMC Record Disagrees With Itself

This page was built by reading IGNOU’s own PGJMC documents against each other: the Common Prospectus July 2026, two 2026 first-year booklets (English and Tamil), the 2023, 2022 and 2021 PGJMC files, the 2021 PGJMC OLD file, three practical manuals, the live programme page on ignou.ac.in, the Samarth programme sheet and the online-mode programme page. They do not agree, and this store’s own catalogue adds to the confusion.

None of these is resolved by this page. Where they touch an order, the working rule is to go by your own registration record for the codes and by the current booklet for the questions, and to ask your Regional Centre where the two disagree.

No Date on the 2026 MJM Paper: How a PGJMC Learner Finds the Cut-Off

Deadlines at IGNOU belong to the school and sometimes to the programme, and carrying one across from another programme is how learners miss them. The School of Management Studies prints 31 October and 30 April; humanities and social science programmes print their own pairs. SOJNMS has, for its PGJMC first-year paper, stopped printing a date at all. The 2023, 2025 and 2026 files each send you to the website instead.

That was not always so, and the older printed dates explain why aggregator sites quote pairs that do not appear on the current paper. The January 2021 MJM file printed September 30, 2021. The 2021 PGJMC OLD file printed March 31 for the January cycle and September 30 for the July cycle. Neither pair has been printed on an MJM first-year paper since.

In practice the cut-off for a PGJMC theory paper is the date IGNOU announces for the term-end examination you are sitting, and your study centre may set its own earlier receiving date within that window. For the December 2026 term-end examination, a widely read education portal reported an IGNOU-wide extension of the assignment last date to 31 October 2026; that is a third-party report of a university notice, not a SOJNMS booklet date, and the June 2027 date will be announced separately. Check the notice on ignou.ac.in and ask your study centre before relying on any date, including one quoted here.

Two other dates are easy to confuse with these. The practical portfolios carry 30 June and 31 December in their own manuals, and those apply to MJML 220, MJML 221 and MJML 023 only. And the session on your paper, January 2026 or July 2026, tells you which booklet to answer, not when it is due.

Papers expire. Each SOJNMS first-year file is issued for a pair of admission cycles, and a learner who submits after a new file has been posted may be expected to answer the newer one. When you order, say which term-end examination you are submitting for, and the set is written from the paper that applies to it.

Assignments carry 30 per cent of the final course result and the term-end examination carries the remaining 70 per cent.

MJM-020/120 January 2026/ July 2026: Copying the Code Line Correctly

The assignment code is the string your study centre files the set under, and on PGJMC it is unusually unstable from year to year. On the 2026 English booklet the code sits on two lines: the course code first, such as MJM-021 or MJM-020/120, and then the cycle, January 2026/ July 2026, on the line below. There is no TMA token in it, unlike the management or social science papers that print strings such as /TMA/2026.

The front page supplied with each set reproduces the code exactly as it appears on the paper you are answering, including the slash in MJM-020/120 and MJM-024/124. If your registration slip prints only MJM-120, or only MJM-024, that does not change the code line: the paper is issued under the combined code and the cover follows the paper. The Tamil-medium booklet prints the same code with the session months in Tamil script; a Tamil-medium set copies that line as printed.

For backlog orders the code line follows the cycle you name. A set written against the 2025 file carries MJM-020/120/ Jan.2025/ July2025 Cycle; one written against the 2023 file carries MJM-020/Jan/July23. Writing a 2026 code on an answer to a 2023 question sheet, or the reverse, is the commonest avoidable mismatch on journalism papers, and it is why the question sheet travels with the answers.

A Single Photographed Page Sets the Hand for All Six MJM Papers

A PGJMC year handed in as six papers in six visibly different hands invites a question nobody needs at a study centre counter. The set is therefore written in one hand throughout, and the hand is yours as closely as a writer can follow it. Send a photo of a page you have written yourself and the handwritten set is matched to your handwriting at no extra charge.

The sample comes before payment, and the order goes ahead only once you are satisfied with how the writing will look. Journalism answers are a harder test of matching than most, because several MJM questions ask for headlines, a lead paragraph, an inverted-pyramid news story, a broadcast script layout or a short press note, and each of those has its own visual shape on the page. A matched hand that only works on running prose would show the difference on exactly those answers.

Picking the page to photograph for a journalism diploma

Use a page of ordinary notes or an answer you wrote for another course, in the pen you normally use, with at least ten lines of running text. If you have one, a page that includes a heading and a short list helps, because PGJMC answers often break into numbered points and sub-headings. Photograph it flat, in daylight, with the whole page in frame and no flash glare across the ink. A page written specially for the photo tends to be neater than your real hand, and the set should look like the hand that will sign the declaration.

If your own writing changes between English and Hindi or Tamil, send a sample in the script the set will be written in.

Share your handwriting sample for a PGJMC set on WhatsApp

English, Hindi, the Separate Tamil Code, and Backlogs Back to JMC-01

The service covers all mediums IGNOU issues the TMA paper in, at the same price. For PGJMC that is more complicated than the word medium suggests. Section 8.25 of the prospectus names English, Hindi and Tamil. The annexure table, which is the version most aggregator sites copy, treats Tamil as a separate programme, PGJMCT, with its own row. An English 2026 first-year booklet and a Tamil 2026 first-year booklet were both read for this page. A Hindi first-year booklet for the 2026 cycle did not surface in the searches made for this page, although Hindi second-year MJM papers for 2026 are posted; a Hindi-medium order is written from the Hindi paper your study centre recognises, and if you have a copy, send it with your codes.

A PGJMCT learner answers the same six MJM codes. The Tamil booklet prints MJM-020/120 to MJM-025 on its cover, under the heading for PGJMC and MAJMC first year, with five questions of 20 marks and around 500 words each, the same pattern the English 2026 MJM-021 paper sets.

Any session is accepted, current cycle or older, including backlog courses, at the same ₹320 per subject. On this diploma that covers more ground than usual, because three credit generations are still working through the system: the 32-credit learners of 2020 to 2022 with MJM 20 to MJM 25, the 36-credit learners of 2023 and 2024 with MJM-020 to MJM-025, and the 40-credit learners from 2025 with MJM-120 and MJM-124 in place of 020 and 024. The PGJMC OLD codes JMC-01 to JMC-04 are older still. Name the codes exactly as your registration record prints them and the term-end examination you are submitting for, and the set is written from the paper that applies.

Online-mode learners on PGJMCOL are named on the same 2026 cover. Whether an online learner’s study arrangements accept a couriered paper set, or ask for an upload instead, is a question for the learning management system and the Regional Centre, and it is worth settling before you order.

Five Facts the First WhatsApp Message Should Carry

A PGJMC order needs no form. Five things, sent in one message, are enough to price it and start writing:

1. The MJM codes you need, copied from your registration record or identity card, including the zero or the slash exactly as printed.
2. The term-end examination you are submitting for, June or December and the year, so the right cycle’s question sheet is used.
3. Your medium: English, Hindi or Tamil.
4. A photo of a page in your own handwriting, as described above.
5. Your full postal address with pin code, so delivery can be confirmed before you pay.

Enrolment number, name and study centre code can be sent at the same time if you want them filled in on the front page. Nothing else is required, and no payment is asked for until the handwriting sample has been agreed.

Signing the Declaration and Handing the Set to Your Study Centre

When the packet arrives, read it before anything else. Check each bundle’s code line against your registration record and against the question sheet attached to it, and read every answer. You sign the declaration on the assignment cover page, so you should read and review the content before submitting it, and satisfy yourself that it represents your own understanding of the course.

The SOJNMS letter is specific about what follows. Hand each paper to the coordinator of your study centre within the time allowed, get a receipt for it and keep that receipt, and keep a photocopy of what you submitted. The same letter says the centre returns evaluated assignments and forwards the marks to the Student Evaluation Division in New Delhi. If the marks do not appear against a code on your grade card after the term-end results, the receipt and the photocopy are what a Regional Centre will ask to see.

Keep the practical portfolios on their own track. MJML 220, MJML 221 and MJML 023 go to the study centre as portfolios with their own cover page, identity card copy and examination fee receipt, by 30 June or 31 December according to their manuals. A PGJMC learner who has submitted six MJM papers and two portfolios has submitted everything the diploma asks for in continuous assessment.

No claim is made about the marks any assignment will receive, about how an evaluator will assess it, or about whether it will be accepted. Assignment evaluation is entirely a matter for IGNOU.

Shelves a PGJMC Learner Usually Visits Next, Including the MAJMC Bridge

A handwritten set answers the continuous-assessment half of the diploma and nothing more, so most PGJMC orders sit next to something for the term-end examination. The PGJMC study material and books on this store include the six first-year titles, some still listed under the older MJM 20 to MJM 25 numbers. For revision, there are solved guess papers for the PGJMC term-end examination and a smaller set of solved previous-year PGJMC question papers.

PGJMC is also a doorway. The prospectus admits 40-credit PGJMC holders straight into the second year of the MA in Journalism and Mass Communication, and assigns MNM-034 Mobile Journalism and MNM-036 Digital Media Literacy as bridge courses to 32- and 36-credit holders. A learner who moves on will need handwritten sets for the MAJMC second year, the MAJMC model-answer files for MJM-026 to MJM-031, and the second-year titles on the MAJMC books shelf.

Two sibling programmes share part of the PGJMC first year. The MAJEM handwritten product covers all six MJM first-year codes for the MA in Journalism and Electronic Media, and the MAJDM order page covers the digital media master’s, which borrows MJM 021, MJM 023 and MJM 025. For any programme without its own page, the store’s general handwritten assignment shelf lists every handwritten product.

If you would rather write the six papers yourself, the sister site’s guide to the MAJMC first-year handwritten papers on ignouproject.com walks through the same MJM codes from the writing side; there is not yet a PGJMC-specific article there.

Sixteen PGJMC Doubts Settled Before Payment

Is the PGJMC assignment the same paper that MAJMC first-year learners answer?

Yes. The 2026 booklet is headed for MAJMC, MAJMCOL, PGJMC and PGJMCOL first year, and the six MJM codes and questions are identical for all four. What differs is the credit history behind your enrolment, which affects the code printed on your slip but not the paper you answer.

I joined PGJMC in 2023 and my slip shows MJM-020 and MJM-024. Which paper do I write?

The current paper headed MJM-020/120 and the one headed MJM-024/124. The slash exists so that learners on the older 36-credit numbering and the newer 40-credit numbering answer the same sheet. Send the codes as your slip prints them, with the term-end examination you are sitting.

PGJMC ki MJM model-answer file ka printout study centre par jama ho jayega kya?

No PGJMC booklet read for this page invites a printout, and the 2026 letter asks you to write down the final version neatly before submission. A solved assignment is a reference file to write from. If you want something you can hand in without writing it yourself, that is what this page sells, at ₹320 per MJM code.

What separates the PGJMC solved assignment on this store from the handwritten set on this page?

The solved assignment is a soft-copy model-answer file for one MJM code and one session. The handwritten set is hard copy, written by hand in a hand matched to yours, with the front page and question paper attached, couriered to you for submission. They are different products on different shelves.

Typed ya computer se nikala PGJMC assignment study centre lega ya nahi?

The SOJNMS booklet itself does not use the word typed, but its instructions describe a written final version handed to the study centre, and study centre notices for the June 2026 term-end examination say answers must be in the learner’s own handwriting. Acceptance is decided at your centre and by IGNOU, not by this store.

Do MJML 220, MJML 221 or MJML 023 need a handwritten assignment?

No. The three practical courses are assessed through a production portfolio of activities you carry out, submitted with an examination fee receipt by 30 June or 31 December. There is no question paper for them, so there is nothing for a handwritten order to cover.

My MJM paper has no last date printed on it. When is a PGJMC assignment due?

On the date IGNOU announces for the term-end examination you are sitting, or earlier if your study centre sets its own receiving date. The 2026 file tells you to check the website for the due date and prints none. Dates such as 30 September or 31 March that circulate online come from older MJM and JMC files, not from the current one.

I am a Tamil-medium learner on PGJMCT. Can my set be written in Tamil?

The service covers all mediums IGNOU issues the TMA paper in, at the same price. A 2026 Tamil booklet for the MJM first-year codes exists, and the set follows its question wording and code line. Mention Tamil in your first message and send a Tamil handwriting sample if your Tamil hand differs from your English one.

My codes are JMC-01 to JMC-04. Can that older PGJMC set still be written?

Any session is accepted, current cycle or older, including backlog courses, at the same ₹320 per subject. The most recent JMC paper found for this page is the January and July 2021 PGJMC OLD file, so confirm with your Regional Centre which paper you are expected to answer, and send that with your order.

How long does each MJM answer run in a PGJMC set?

As long as the paper asks. The 2026 MJM-021 and the Tamil MJM-023 papers ask for around 500 words on each of five questions. Older papers vary by question, and some ask for a script, a news report or a press note rather than an essay, which are written in the form the question sets.

I may move to the MAJMC second year after PGJMC. Should I order anything now?

Only the six MJM first-year papers you owe for PGJMC. Assignments carry 30 per cent of the final course result and the term-end examination carries the remaining 70 per cent. Those six papers therefore matter in their own right. A 40-credit PGJMC holder enters the second year directly; a 32- or 36-credit holder is also assigned MNM-036, and 32-credit holders MNM-034 as well. Second-year codes are ordered when you are registered for them.

Is ₹320 charged per PGJMC paper or once for the whole diploma?

Per paper. The rate is ₹320 per subject, hard copy only, with courier included in that price and no separate shipping charge. Each MJM code is one subject, so all six theory papers come to ₹1,920. Practical courses are not priced because they carry no question paper.

Can I see how the writing will look before paying for my MJM codes?

Yes. Send a photo of a page you have written yourself and the handwritten set is matched to your handwriting at no extra charge. The hand is agreed against that page before any payment is taken.

Will a PDF copy of my PGJMC set come with the courier?

No. No soft copy or PDF is sold. The set exists as the written pages in the packet, which is also why keeping a photocopy before you submit is worth the trouble.

How soon will a PGJMC packet reach my pin code?

Delivery depends on your pin code and is confirmed for your order before you pay. No figure is promised on this page.

Does Shri Chakradhar Publication say what a PGJMC set will score?

No. No claim is made about the marks any assignment will receive, about how an evaluator will assess it, or about whether it will be accepted. Assignment evaluation is entirely a matter for IGNOU.

Prospectus, Booklets, Manuals and Store Terms Behind This Page

Three kinds of source sit behind the claims above, and they are kept apart on purpose, because a page that blends a university rule with a store policy makes both harder to check.

From the IGNOU Common Prospectus, July 2026. Programme structure, course codes and titles, credits, the choose-two practical rule, the 40-credit total, the medium line in section 8.25, the PGJMC and PGJMCT annexure rows, the one-to-three-year duration, the Rs 13,500 fee, the lateral-entry generations of 32, 36 and 40 credits with their bridge courses, the MJM 024 open-elective entry in the MA Sociology table, the PGDEME and MAJEM tables that reuse MJM codes, and Annexure VI.

From live IGNOU booklets, manuals and pages. The 2026 English MJM-021 booklet and the 2026 Tamil MJM-023 booklet, both read in full for this page from the the SOJNMS first-year files as IGNOU posts them; the 2025, 2023, 2022 and January 2021 PGJMC first-year files and the 2021 PGJMC OLD file on webservices.ignou.ac.in; the MJML-120, MJML-121, MJML-220, MJML-221 and MJML 023 practical manuals; the IGNOU’s own PGJMC course list; the Samarth programme sheet; and the online-mode programme page. Question pattern, code formats, the missing due date, cover applicability, coordinator names and practical submission dates all come from these.

From Shri Chakradhar Publication’s own commercial terms. The ₹320 rate, hard copy only, courier included, free front page, question paper copy, handwriting matching, no minimum order, all sessions and mediums, and delivery confirmed per pin code. These are the publisher’s terms, not IGNOU’s, and IGNOU has no part in them.

Written and reviewed by BK Sahni, Founder, Shri Chakradhar Publication Pvt. Ltd. and ignouproject.com, who has guided 5,00,000 students till date. ORCID 0009-0005-8092-459X.

Published 31 October 2026. Booklets and programme pages read on 31 October 2026. Next review: when SOJNMS posts the first-year MJM file for the January 2027 and July 2027 cycles, and again before the June 2027 term-end examination assignment notice.

Important Notice

Shri Chakradhar Publication Pvt. Ltd. and shrichakradhar.com form an independent IGNOU study-support publisher. This is not the official website of Indira Gandhi National Open University, is not affiliated with, endorsed by or authorised by the university, and no page on this site should be treated as an official IGNOU communication.

Programme structures, course codes, submission dates and rules change, and only ignou.ac.in and your Regional Centre can confirm the current position for your enrolment.

The course codes, titles and credits on this page were checked against IGNOU’s July 2026 prospectus and the 2026 booklets on the date shown above. The conflicts listed in this page are reported as found and are not corrected by it.